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          <h1 id="思维"><a href="#思维" class="headerlink" title="思维"></a>思维</h1><h2 id="思维的概念"><a href="#思维的概念" class="headerlink" title="思维的概念"></a>思维的概念</h2><p>是认知的核心概念，是人对事物关系的概括理解。</p>
<h2 id="思维的主要特征"><a href="#思维的主要特征" class="headerlink" title="思维的主要特征"></a>思维的主要特征</h2><ol>
<li>思维的间接性：根据个人知识和见解对事物的认识和概括，例如看动物行为猜测是否天使变化。</li>
<li>思维的概括性：是指对一些感性材料的特征和共性抽取出来<ol>
<li>反映事物的本质和共同的属性</li>
<li>反映事物之间的关系和规律<h2 id="思维的种类"><a href="#思维的种类" class="headerlink" title="思维的种类"></a>思维的种类</h2><h3 id="直观动作思维，具体思维，抽象逻辑思维"><a href="#直观动作思维，具体思维，抽象逻辑思维" class="headerlink" title="直观动作思维，具体思维，抽象逻辑思维"></a>直观动作思维，具体思维，抽象逻辑思维</h3><h4 id="动作思维"><a href="#动作思维" class="headerlink" title="动作思维"></a>动作思维</h4>就是依托于具体的实事和动作做出的思考<blockquote>
<p>例如利用手指头数数</p>
</blockquote>
<h4 id="具体形象思维"><a href="#具体形象思维" class="headerlink" title="具体形象思维"></a>具体形象思维</h4>在大脑中想象实体进行思维。<blockquote>
<p>例如计算7+3 = 10 孩子进行在大脑里有7的苹果加上3个苹果就是10个苹果</p>
</blockquote>
<h4 id="抽象逻辑思维"><a href="#抽象逻辑思维" class="headerlink" title="抽象逻辑思维"></a>抽象逻辑思维</h4>对问题的概括，理解，逻辑思考，发现其中的关系，这样的思维是抽象逻辑思维，是思维的核心。</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
<hr>
<h3 id="直觉思维和分析思维"><a href="#直觉思维和分析思维" class="headerlink" title="直觉思维和分析思维"></a>直觉思维和分析思维</h3><h4 id="直觉思维"><a href="#直觉思维" class="headerlink" title="直觉思维"></a>直觉思维</h4><p>未经分析和详细的了解，就做出的简单的猜想和假设。</p>
<h4 id="分析思维"><a href="#分析思维" class="headerlink" title="分析思维"></a>分析思维</h4><p>对问题详细思考后得出明确的结论。</p>
<h3 id="集中思维和发散思维"><a href="#集中思维和发散思维" class="headerlink" title="集中思维和发散思维"></a>集中思维和发散思维</h3><h4 id="集中思维"><a href="#集中思维" class="headerlink" title="集中思维"></a>集中思维</h4><p>从获得的信息中综合考虑得到最好的一种结论。</p>
<h4 id="发散思维"><a href="#发散思维" class="headerlink" title="发散思维"></a>发散思维</h4><p>是指沿着不同的可能性去思考得到不同的结论<br>发散思维是创造的特征和核心。</p>
<blockquote>
<p>例如一题多解。</p>
</blockquote>
<h3 id="常规思维和创造性思维"><a href="#常规思维和创造性思维" class="headerlink" title="常规思维和创造性思维"></a>常规思维和创造性思维</h3><h4 id="常规思维"><a href="#常规思维" class="headerlink" title="常规思维"></a>常规思维</h4><p>按照学习的知识和现有的规律，方法， 去解决问题。</p>
<h4 id="创造思维"><a href="#创造思维" class="headerlink" title="创造思维"></a>创造思维</h4><p>使用一种新颖的方式去思考解决问题。是集中和发散思维的结合，是分析和直觉的结合。</p>
<p>目前公认的发散性思维 = 创造性思维。<br>创造性思维的几个特征：</p>
<ol>
<li>流畅性：面对问题时会提出的观点的数量，数量越多与流畅</li>
<li>变通性：面对问题能提出变通的观点，触类旁通，不墨守成规。</li>
<li>独创性：面对问题能提出新颖且从而想过的方式去思考。</li>
</ol>
<h4 id="经验思维和理论思维"><a href="#经验思维和理论思维" class="headerlink" title="经验思维和理论思维"></a>经验思维和理论思维</h4><ol>
<li>经验思维：日常生活经验去判断理解食物的思维</li>
<li>理论思维：依据科学理论是思考问题。</li>
</ol>
<h2 id="思维的基本形式"><a href="#思维的基本形式" class="headerlink" title="思维的基本形式"></a>思维的基本形式</h2><h3 id="概念"><a href="#概念" class="headerlink" title="概念"></a>概念</h3><p>概念是思维的主要形式，概念是指一类事物共同的特性和特点。<br>有外延和内涵两个方面<br>外延：具体概念反映的具体实物<br>内涵；事物共同的属性。</p>
<h3 id="判断"><a href="#判断" class="headerlink" title="判断"></a>判断</h3><p>对事物是否含有某个属性做出判断。</p>
<h3 id="推理"><a href="#推理" class="headerlink" title="推理"></a>推理</h3><p>是指从已有的规律中推出新的规律， 分为演绎推理和归纳推理。<br>演绎推理是指：从一般到特殊。<br>归纳图例是指：从特殊归纳出一般的规律。</p>
<h2 id="问题的解决"><a href="#问题的解决" class="headerlink" title="问题的解决"></a>问题的解决</h2><h3 id="问题的概念和类型"><a href="#问题的概念和类型" class="headerlink" title="问题的概念和类型"></a>问题的概念和类型</h3><p>问题：提出问题，目标和阻碍。<br>可以分为：有结构和无结构</p>
<h3 id="提出问题解决的概念和类型"><a href="#提出问题解决的概念和类型" class="headerlink" title="提出问题解决的概念和类型"></a>提出问题解决的概念和类型</h3><p>从问题的起始状态到目标状态，过程中运送思维和认知客服阻碍，使得问题得到解决。<br>有结构的问题是指：有具体的答案也有个通用的现有的结解决方法。<br>无结构的问题是指：要通过知识综合运用去解决问题，这类问题没有一种通用额解决方法。<br>无结构的问题是创造性的问题是结局问题的最高形式。</p>
<h3 id="问题解决的基本特征。"><a href="#问题解决的基本特征。" class="headerlink" title="问题解决的基本特征。"></a>问题解决的基本特征。</h3><ol>
<li>目的性：达到解决问题的目标状态。</li>
<li>序列性：解决问题过程种的思维方式，解决过程</li>
<li>认知性：认知操作，内心实现，-》我觉得这句话就是在说解决问题要思考。。</li>
</ol>
<h3 id="解决问题的一般过程"><a href="#解决问题的一般过程" class="headerlink" title="解决问题的一般过程"></a>解决问题的一般过程</h3><p>过程：提出问题-＞立即问题－》提出假设－》检验假设<br>提出问题：是找到要解决的问题<br>理解问题：分析理解问题，对问题初步的理解，有大概的想法。<br>提出假设：提出解决问题的方法和步骤。<br>检验假设：通过验证假设是否正确，有直接验证和间接验证；<br>    直接沿着是通过实践去验证<br>    间接验证是通过提出的假设的推论是否正确来验证。</p>
<h3 id="问题解决的策略"><a href="#问题解决的策略" class="headerlink" title="问题解决的策略"></a>问题解决的策略</h3><ol>
<li>算法式：是在在理解问题的基础上，尝试想到的解决方案，得到一个行之有效的解决方法，但是也存在找到了一种解决方法，但是自己并不是很清楚了解为什么可以这样。</li>
<li>启发式策略：更具经验和知识，可以通过较少的次数尝试来得到解决方法。<ol>
<li>手段-目标分析：拆解目标为若干个小目标解决小目标后就解决了大问题。</li>
<li>逆向工作搜索方法：从要达到的结果触发，逆向的去找到初始的条件，得到解决方法。</li>
<li>爬山法：和手段目标方法类似：采用一系列的手段使得初始条件不断和建学校和目标的距离。</li>
<li>类比思想方法：<h3 id="影响解决问题的主要因素"><a href="#影响解决问题的主要因素" class="headerlink" title="影响解决问题的主要因素"></a>影响解决问题的主要因素</h3></li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>问题情境和表征方式：问题情境是指问题是如何提出的，表征是你如何去记录这个问题的信息的，你记录的问题的信息和你自己的知识越是相近，那么问题越容易解决。</li>
<li>知识经验和迁移：知识经验是解决问题的效率。知识经验多的解决的快。迁移是指经验对解决问题的效果，有正迁移促进知识想到解决问题的方法，而负迁移是指阻碍知识解决问题。</li>
<li>思维定式与功能因素：由之前的活动形成，体现在用一种习惯的方式去解决问题。当问题不变时候，定势对问题的解决起到积极作用，问题改变定势对问题解决起到阻碍作用。<ol>
<li>功能因素：是指对事物的功能想法由于平时见到的大多是这种功能，而在思考时候不会想到还有其他的功能。</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>原型启发：是指其他事物的信息和概念对现有问题启发式解决。例如，鲁班收到植物刺而发明了锯</li>
<li>动机强度和情绪状态：动机强度和问题的解决是U相关的，即在中等动机水平下解决问题是最好的，情绪装填。乐观积极的状态对解决问题起到促进作用；</li>
</ol>
<h3 id="学生问题解决能力的培养（提高问题解决能力的教学）"><a href="#学生问题解决能力的培养（提高问题解决能力的教学）" class="headerlink" title="学生问题解决能力的培养（提高问题解决能力的教学）"></a>学生问题解决能力的培养（提高问题解决能力的教学）</h3><ol>
<li>提高学生知识</li>
<li>教授解决问题的方法</li>
<li>提供多练习机会</li>
<li>培养思考问题能力</li>
<li>训练逻辑思维提高思维水平。</li>
</ol>
<h2 id="创造性"><a href="#创造性" class="headerlink" title="创造性"></a>创造性</h2><h3 id="创造性的概念"><a href="#创造性的概念" class="headerlink" title="创造性的概念"></a>创造性的概念</h3><p>是指根据一定的任务和目的，运用自己的思维，想到的奇特的解决方法的能力和特性。</p>
<h3 id="创造性的培养方法"><a href="#创造性的培养方法" class="headerlink" title="创造性的培养方法"></a>创造性的培养方法</h3><p>第一。创建有利于创造性的环境。<br>第二。鼓励学生创造，消除恐惧心理。<br>第三。开设相关课程，让学生参与。</p>

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            <i class="fa  fa-rss faa-pulse" aria-hidden="true"></i>
            RSS
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      </li>
    
  </ul>
  <p style="text-align: center; font-size: 13px; color: #b9b9b9;">&copy 2019 hexo-sakura</p>
</div>
<button onclick="topFunction()" class="mobile-cd-top" id="moblieGoTop" title="Go to top" style="display: none;"><i class="fa fa-chevron-up" aria-hidden="true"></i></button>
  <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/aplayer/dist/APlayer.min.css">
<script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/aplayer/dist/APlayer.min.js"></script>
<!-- require MetingJS -->
<script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/meting@2/dist/Meting.min.js"></script>
<style>
  .aplayer .aplayer-lrc {
    height: 35px;
  }
  .aplayer .aplayer-lrc p{
    font-size: 16px;
    font-weight: 700;
    line-height: 18px !important;
  }
  .aplayer .aplayer-lrc p.aplayer-lrc-current{
    color: #FF1493;
  }
  .aplayer.aplayer-narrow .aplayer-body{
    left: -66px !important;
  }
  .aplayer.aplayer-fixed .aplayer-lrc {
    display: none;
  }
  .aplayer .aplayer-lrc.aplayer-lrc-hide {
      display:none !important;
  }
  .aplayer.aplayer-fixed .lrc-show {
    display: block;
    background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.8);
  }
</style>
<meting-js

    id="104367284"

    server="netease"

    type="playlist"

    fixed="true"

    autoplay="false"

    loop="all"

    order="random"

    preload="auto"

    volume="0.7"

    mutex="true"

</meting-js>
<script>
  $(function(){
    $('body').on('click', '.aplayer', function(){
      if($('.aplayer-button').hasClass('aplayer-play')) {
        $('.aplayer-lrc').removeClass('lrc-show');
      } else {
        $('.aplayer-lrc').addClass('lrc-show');
      }
    })
  });
</script>
</body>
</html>